Compared with bulk lithium niobate modulators, these modulators not only retain the advantages of lithium niobate materials, such as low loss, high extinction ratio, high linear response and high optical power handling capabilities, but can also effectively improve. Compared with bulk lithium niobate modulators, these modulators not only retain the advantages of lithium niobate materials, such as low loss, high extinction ratio, high linear response and high optical power handling capabilities, but can also effectively improve. Recently, thin-film lithium niobate electro-optical modulators have developed rapidly and have become the core solution for the next generation of electro-optical problems. However, the persistent issue of.
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